{"id":3391,"date":"2018-12-15T15:26:54","date_gmt":"2018-12-15T13:26:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/?page_id=3391"},"modified":"2020-03-22T09:48:52","modified_gmt":"2020-03-22T07:48:52","slug":"maria-von-herbert","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/maria-von-herbert\/","title":{"rendered":"Foto\u011fraf\u0131n Arkas\u0131ndaki Hikaye: Maria von Herbert"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Bu resim, 1770-1803 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Avusturyal\u0131 bir kad\u0131n olan Maria von Herbert’e aittir1<\/sup>. Maria von Herbert Kant ile mektupla\u015fmas\u0131 sebebiyle tan\u0131n\u0131r. Kimi akademisyenlere g\u00f6re Herbert\u2019in Kant ile yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda sordu\u011fu sorular, Kant\u2019in ahlak \u00f6\u011fretisinde sorunlar oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Maria von Herbert, erkek karde\u015fi Baron Franz Paul gibi Kant felsefesinin hayran\u0131d\u0131r. Hatta Herbert\u2019in karde\u015fi Baron Franz Paul, fabrikas\u0131n\u0131 ve ailesini iki y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131p Kant’\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini daha iyi anlamak ve metinlerini daha iyi \u00f6\u011frenmek amac\u0131yla Weimar ve Jena\u2019ya gitmi\u015ftir. Bu iki y\u0131l\u0131n sonunda Avusturya’ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ise kendi evinde \u00e7e\u015fitli toplant\u0131lar d\u00fczenleyerek Kant’\u0131n ele\u015ftirel felsefesini \u00e7evresindeki herkese \u00f6\u011fretmeye ve yaymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u0131saca, Maria von Herbert’in sadece Kant’\u0131n bir hayran\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda Kant’\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 metinlere hakim olup onun ahlak felsefesi konusunda da olduk\u00e7a yetkin bir kad\u0131n oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Bu k\u0131sa bilgilendirmeden sonra, Kant ve Maria von Herbert aras\u0131ndaki mektupla\u015fman\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fine bir bakal\u0131m. G\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere, Maria von Herbert Kant’a \u00fc\u00e7 mektup yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ancak Kant Herbert\u2019in sadece ilk mektubuna cevap vermi\u015ftir. Bu mektuplar\u0131 inceledi\u011fimizde, Herbert\u2019in sorular\u0131n\u0131n neden \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu ve bu sorular\u0131n Kant\u2019\u0131n ahlak felsefesine ne bak\u0131mdan bir tehdit olu\u015fturabilece\u011fini g\u00f6rece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n

Herbert\u2019in ilk mektubu (Eyl\u00fcl 1791)<\/strong>
\n1791 sonbahar\u0131nda, Maria von Herbert Kant’a ilk mektubunu yazar. Mektubunda intihar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden ve hangi olaylar\u0131n onu bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere itti\u011finden bahseder. Sevdi\u011fi adamdan uzun s\u00fcre saklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yalan\u0131 sonunda itiraf etti\u011fini ve bu itiraf sonucunda sevdi\u011fi ki\u015finin kendisinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Hayat\u0131ndaki en de\u011ferli \u015fey oldu\u011funu iddia etti\u011fi bu adam\u0131n sevgisini kaybetmek, Herbert\u2019in ya\u015famak i\u00e7in t\u00fcm motivasyonunu yitirmesine yol a\u00e7ar. K\u0131saca, hayat\u0131ndaki en de\u011ferli \u015feyi yitirmesi ile birlikte hayat\u0131nda ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin de\u011ferinin kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da ya\u015famak i\u00e7in bir sebep bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r. Ancak Kant’\u0131n ahlak konusundaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 okudu\u011fundan Kant’\u0131n ahlak teorisinin intihar\u0131 yasaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da gayet iyi bilmektedir. Mektubunda \u015fu \u015fekilde yazar: \u201cE\u011fer yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7ok fazla okumam\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131m, kesinlikle hayat\u0131ma son verirdim. Ama teorinizden \u00e7\u0131karmam gereken sonu\u00e7 beni durduruyor – ac\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fim i\u00e7in \u00f6lmem yanl\u0131\u015f, aksine kendi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131mdan dolay\u0131 ya\u015famam gerekiyor\u201d (Zweig, s. 379-80). K\u0131saca, Herbert bir ikilem i\u00e7erisindedir: bir yandan hayat onun i\u00e7in sadece \u0131zd\u0131rap ve i\u015fkenceye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ve bu y\u00fczden intihar etmek ister. \u00d6te yandan intihar\u0131n Kant\u2019\u0131n ahlak kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funun da bilincindedir. Bu ikilemden kurtulmak i\u00e7in Kant’dan yard\u0131m ister ve \u201ckendinizi benim yerime koyun, ya beni su\u00e7lay\u0131n ya da beni teselli edin\u201d diye yazar (Zweig, s. 380).<\/p>\n

Bu ilk mektuptan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, Maria von Herbert Kant\u2019\u0131n ahlak \u00f6\u011fretisine g\u00f6re kendi hayat\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferinden dolay\u0131 ya\u015famas\u0131 gerekti\u011fin bilincindedir. Fakat buna ra\u011fmen, bu \u00f6dev bilgisinin onun i\u00e7in yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ya\u015famak i\u00e7in gerekli motivasyonu bulabilmek ad\u0131na Kant\u2019dan teselli bekledi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bir bak\u0131ma, Herbert\u2019in mektubu g\u00f6rev bilincinin veya akl\u0131n, ya\u015famak i\u00e7in tek ba\u015f\u0131na bir motivasyon kayna\u011f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret ediyor. Herbert\u2019in de ifade etti\u011fi gibi: \u201cBen ahlak metafizi\u011fini (Metaphysics of Moral) ve kategorik zorunlulu\u011fu okudum fakat bu bana biraz bile yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmad\u0131. Akl\u0131m tam da ona ihtiyac\u0131m oldu\u011funda beni terk etti\u201d (Zweig, s. 380). K\u0131saca Herbert ilk mektubunda, Kant\u2019\u0131n ahlak \u00f6\u011fretisinde bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 teselliyi Kant\u2019\u0131n kendisinden istemektedir.<\/p>\n

Kant’\u0131n Herbert’e Yan\u0131t\u0131 (1792 Bahar\u0131)<\/strong>
\n1792 bahar\u0131nda Kant, Herbert’in mektubuna cevap verir ve \u015f\u00f6yle yazar: \u201c\u0130stedi\u011fini yap\u0131p, kendimi senin yerine koymal\u0131y\u0131m ve sana saf ahlaki bir yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 (pure moral sedative) tavsiye etmeliyim\u201d (Zweig, s. 411). Kant\u2019\u0131n saf ahlaki yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131, Herbert’in \u0131zd\u0131rab\u0131n\u0131n nedeni olan eylemin ahlaki a\u00e7\u0131dan analizidir. Kant analizine Herbert\u2019in eyleminin do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 inceleyerek ba\u015flar ve yalan s\u00f6ylemenin gizlilikten yani t\u00fcm ger\u00e7e\u011fi s\u00f6ylememekten farkl\u0131 bir davran\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu yazar. Yalan s\u00f6ylemek bizim ahlaki g\u00f6revimizin ciddi bir ihlali oldu\u011fundan, Kant yalan s\u00f6yledi\u011fi i\u00e7in Herbert\u2019in sevgilisinin ona kar\u015f\u0131 sevgisini yitirmesinin hakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret eder (Zweig, s. 411-12).<\/p>\n

Herbert\u2019in eyleminin niteli\u011fini netle\u015ftirdikten sonra Kant, Herbert\u2019den duygular\u0131n\u0131 daha fazla analiz etmesini ister ve s\u00f6yle yazar: \u201cKendinize \u015funu sorun, yalan\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 itiraf ettikten sonra kendinize, bu itiraftan sonra olacaklar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemedi\u011finizden mi yoksa yalana i\u00e7kin ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131ktan dolay\u0131 m\u0131 k\u0131z\u0131yorsunuz\u201d (Zweig, s. 412). Kant’a g\u00f6re, e\u011fer Herbert’in \u0131zd\u0131rap \u00e7ekmesinin sebebi do\u011fruyu s\u00f6ylemekten duydu\u011fu pi\u015fmanl\u0131ksa, o zaman \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc yersizdir. Aksine Herbert kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki adama ger\u00e7e\u011fi s\u00f6yleyerek d\u00fcr\u00fcst olma g\u00f6revini yerine getirdi\u011finden, bilhassa memnun olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan, Herbert, ilk etapta ger\u00e7ekleri s\u00f6yleme g\u00f6revini ihlal etti\u011finin bilinciyle \u0131zd\u0131rap \u00e7ekiyorsa, o zaman da bu \u0131zd\u0131rab\u0131 \u00e7ekmesi, Kant\u2019a g\u00f6re, yerindedir. Sonu\u00e7ta Herbert\u2019deki \u201ctutum de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini\u201d fark edince sevdi\u011fi adam\u0131n ona kar\u015f\u0131 tutumu da zamanla de\u011fi\u015fecektir (Zweig, s. 413). Fakat adam\u0131n Herbert\u2019e olan sevgisi sadece fiziksel bir \u00e7ekimden ibaretse, adam\u0131n so\u011fuklu\u011fu ge\u00e7meyebilir. Bu durumda da, Herbert’e olan ilgisi sonunda zaten bir \u015fekilde yok olaca\u011f\u0131ndan Kant bu olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n da metanetle kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini sal\u0131k verir (Zweig, s. 413). K\u0131saca, sevdi\u011fi adam\u0131n Herbert\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 so\u011fuklu\u011fu devam ederse, Herbert \u00e7ok fazla endi\u015felenmemelidir: \u201c\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ya\u015fam\u0131n de\u011feri, ki bu de\u011fer insanlardan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z zevkten ibaret ise, fazlas\u0131yla abart\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d (Zweig, s. 413) Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, Kant Herbert\u2019e cevab\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131n de\u011ferinin mutlulu\u011fa, \u00f6zellikle de ba\u015fkalar\u0131ndan g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz ilgi ve sevgiye ba\u011fl\u0131 olan d\u0131\u015f kaynakl\u0131 mutlulu\u011fa dayand\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n

Kendisinden teselli bekleyen Herbert\u2019e cevaben Kant, mektubunu \u015fu \u015fekilde bitirir: \u201c\u0130\u015fte de\u011ferli arkada\u015f\u0131m, bir vaaz\u0131n al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini burada g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsunuz: e\u011fitim, ceza ve teselli. Kendinizi ilk ikisine aday\u0131n; onlar\u0131n etkileri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, teselli de kendili\u011finden gelecektir\u201d (Zweig, s. 413).<\/p>\n

Cevab\u0131n\u0131 Herbert’e g\u00f6nderdikten sonra Kant, Herbert ile ortak arkada\u015flar\u0131 J. B. Erhard\u2019a yazar ve Herbert\u2019e yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 cevap mektubunun Herbert \u00fczerindeki etkisini sorar. Kant’a yan\u0131t olarak Erhard a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki mektubu yollam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

J.B. Erhard’dan Kant’a Mektup (17 Ocak 1793)<\/strong>
\nBayan Herbert ile ilgili \u00e7ok az \u015fey s\u00f6yleyebilirim. Kendisi romantik a\u015fk\u0131n kayal\u0131klar\u0131nda alabora oldu. \u0130dealist bir a\u015fk i\u00e7in kendisini, g\u00fcvenini k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanan bir erke\u011fe verdi. Ve sonra, bir ba\u015fkas\u0131yla yine b\u00f6yle bir a\u015fka ula\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, bir \u00f6nceki a\u015fk\u0131n\u0131 yeni sevgilisine anlatt\u0131. Size yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektubun ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedeni budur. Arkada\u015f\u0131m Herbert hala daha duyarl\u0131 bir ruha sahipse, kendisinin kurtar\u0131labilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.
\nSevgiler,
\nErhard.<\/p>\n

Herbert\u2019in 2. Mektubu (1793 Ocak)<\/strong>
\n1793 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Ocak ay\u0131nda, Herbert, Kant’a bir mektup daha yazar. \u0130kinci mektubunda, Herbert, arkada\u015f\u0131na yalan s\u00f6ylemedi\u011fini, sadece bir s\u0131r saklad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar. Ayr\u0131ca aralar\u0131ndaki so\u011fuk bir d\u00f6nemden sonra s\u00f6z konusu adam\u0131n Herbert\u2019e yeniden samimi bir arkada\u015fl\u0131k teklif etti\u011fini de ekler (Zweig, s. 450). Ancak Herbert, art\u0131k bu arkada\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 devam ettirmenin onun i\u00e7in anlam\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi\u011fini ve hem i\u00e7inde ve hem de \u00e7evresinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bo\u015fluk hissetti\u011fini yazar. Ayr\u0131ca i\u00e7inde tersini yapmaya iten hi\u00e7bir arzu bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, onun i\u00e7in Kant\u2019\u0131n ahlak yasas\u0131na uyman\u0131n \u00e7ok kolay oldu\u011funu iddia eder. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, Herbert, Kant\u2019\u0131n anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde ahlaki bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrmenin ancak g\u00fcnaha te\u015fvik edici arzular oldu\u011fu zaman tatmin edici oldu\u011funu dile getirir. Herbert\u2019e g\u00f6re, ahlak yasalar\u0131, \u201cprestijlerini g\u00fcnah\u0131n \u00e7ekicili\u011fine bor\u00e7ludur\u201d (Zweig, s. 451). Herbert\u2019de ahlak yasalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na sebep olacak herhangi bir arzu bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, bu yasalara uyman\u0131n kendisi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok kolay oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrer. Yani ahlak yasalar\u0131na g\u00f6re hareket etmek Herbert\u2019i tatmin etmemektedir. Bu sebeple Herbert Kant\u2019\u0131n ahlak felsefesinin veremedi\u011fi teselliyi Kant\u2019\u0131n kendisinden bekler: \u201cSizden rica ediyorum \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ahlak anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m di\u011fer konularda kararl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde konu\u015furken, burada sessiz kal\u0131yor. Ve e\u011fer arad\u0131\u011f\u0131m cevab\u0131 veremiyorsan\u0131z, en az\u0131ndan bana bu dayan\u0131lmaz bo\u015flu\u011fu ruhumdan \u00e7\u0131karacak bir \u015fey vermeniz i\u00e7in yalvar\u0131yorum\u201d (Zweig, s. 452).<\/p>\n

Bu ikinci mektupta, Herbert\u2019in ilk mektupta bahsetti\u011fi \u0131zd\u0131rab\u0131n yerini, duygusal bir bo\u015fluk ve ilgisizlik halinin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Herbert\u2019in tek arzusu hayat\u0131na son vermektir. Yani intihar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri s\u00fcrmektedir. Mektubunun sonunda, Maria von Herbert izin verirse Kant\u2019\u0131 ziyaret etmek istedi\u011fini belirtir. Felsefesinin Kant\u2019\u0131n ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131 ne \u015fekilde etkiledi\u011fini bilmek istedi\u011fini s\u00f6yler ve acaba Kant\u2019\u0131n hi\u00e7 evlenmeyi, a\u015fk\u0131 ya da \u00e7ocuk sahibi olmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcp d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmedi\u011fini sorar (Zweig, s. 452).<\/p>\n

Kant\u2019\u0131n Elizabeth Motherby\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektup (11 \u015eubat 1793)<\/strong>
\nHerbert\u2019in intihar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin nedenini Erhard\u2019dan \u00f6\u011frendikten sonra Kant, Herbert\u2019den ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektuplara cevap vermeyi b\u0131rak\u0131r. Herbert\u2019e cevap vermek yerine, elindeki t\u00fcm mektuplar\u0131 (ki bunlara Herbert\u2019in ilk iki mektubu ile Erhard’\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Kant\u2019a g\u00f6re Herbert\u2019in \u201cmerakl\u0131 zihinsel d\u00fczensizli\u011finin\u201d sebebini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektup ile Kant’\u0131n Herbert\u2019e yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 cevap da dahildir) arkada\u015f\u0131 Robert Motherby\u2019\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131 Elizabeth Motherby\u2019a g\u00f6nderir (Zweig, s. 455). Kant, Herbert ile yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 Motherby\u2019a verirken mektuplara \u015fu notu ekler: \u201cBu mektuplar, sizi y\u00fcceltilmi\u015f bir hayal g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bo\u015f aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan koruyacak bir uyar\u0131 amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r\u201d (Zweig, s. 455).<\/p>\n

Herbert\u2019in 3. Mektubu (\u015eubat 1794)<\/strong>
\n\u015eubat 1794’te Herbert Kant’a \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve son mektubunu yazar. Mektupta kendisinde \u201cahlaki bir duygu\u201d uyand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n iyi oldu\u011funu yazar (Zweig, 475). Bu son mektubunda Herbert \u015fu sonuca varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201c\u0130nsanlar ahlak\u0131 ve dostlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundururlarsa, \u00f6lmek i\u00e7in duyulan en b\u00fcy\u00fck arzuya ra\u011fmen ya\u015famak isterler ve ne olursa olsun hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar\u201d (Zweig. 474).<\/p>\n

Daha \u00f6nce de s\u00f6yledi\u011fimiz gibi, Kant Herbert\u2019in bu mektubuna da cevap vermez. Herbert bu son mektubundan dokuz y\u0131l sonra yani 1803’de t\u00fcm i\u015flerini yoluna koyup t\u00f6rensel bir toplant\u0131 d\u00fczenledikten sonra, kendini Drau Nehri’nde bo\u011farak intihar etmi\u015ftir. Herbert\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden 8 y\u0131l sonra 1811’de, Herbert gibi Kant\u2019\u0131n felsefesine hayranl\u0131k duyan erkek karde\u015fi Baron Franz Paul da intihar etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kant-Herbert Yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n Dair \u0130lgin\u00e7 Sorular:<\/strong>
\n1) Eylemlerimizin ahlaki de\u011feri, Herbert\u2019in iddia etti\u011fi gibi bizi ahlak yasas\u0131na uymamaya iten arzular\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na m\u0131 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r? Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, bizi ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nlendiren arzular olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yap\u0131lan iyi davran\u0131\u015flar ahlaken de\u011fersiz midir?<\/p>\n

2) Kant’\u0131n Herbert’in intihar konusundaki sorusuna do\u011frudan yan\u0131t vermemesinin ve bunun yerine d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ahlaken \u00f6nemi gibi bamba\u015fka bir soruna odaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi, intihar\u0131n ahlaken neden yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funa dair tam olarak ikna edici bir cevab\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n

3) Kant\u2019\u0131n ahlak \u00f6\u011fretisine g\u00f6re, insanlar\u0131 asla sadece bir ara\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6rmemeliyiz. Peki, Kant Herbert ile olan ki\u015fisel mektupla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 bir ba\u015fkas\u0131na uyar\u0131 amac\u0131yla Herbert\u2019den izinsiz payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda onu bir ara\u00e7 olarak kullanm\u0131\u015f olmuyor mu? Buradan Kant\u2019\u0131n yeterince Kant\u00e7\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna var\u0131labilir mi?<\/p>\n

4) Herbert ger\u00e7ekten Kant’\u0131n cevap veremedi\u011fi felsefi sorular m\u0131 sormu\u015ftur yoksa Kant\u2019\u0131n cevap vermesinin beklenmeyece\u011fi psikolojik sorular m\u0131 sormu\u015ftur? Felsefi sorularla psikolojik sorular\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr? Hangi durumlarda psikolojinin sorular\u0131 felsefi bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r?<\/p>\n

5) Rae Langton\u2019a g\u00f6re Maria von Herbert t\u00fcm duygular\u0131ndan ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sadece ahlak yasas\u0131n\u0131n buyruklar\u0131n\u0131 yerine getiren ve bunu kolayl\u0131kla yapabilen bir azize gibidir. Sizce de Herbert bir azize midir? Yoksa ruhsal \u0131zd\u0131rab\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer t\u00fcm arzular\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6rle\u015ftirdi\u011fi patolojik bir hasta m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n

6) Baz\u0131 durumlarda yalan s\u00f6ylemek gerek\u00e7elendirilebilir mi? E\u011fer Herbert sevdi\u011fi adam\u0131n ona sayg\u0131 duymaya devam etmesi i\u00e7in yalan s\u00f6ylemi\u015fse, yalan\u0131n\u0131n hakl\u0131 bir gerek\u00e7esi oldu\u011funu ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ahlaks\u0131z bir davran\u0131\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebilir miyiz? Yalan\u0131n hakl\u0131 gerek\u00e7elerinin olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor musunuz?<\/p>\n

7) Felsefenin bize bir teselli vermesini beklemeli miyiz? Teselli vermek felsefenin bir i\u015flevi midir? Peki, Kant’\u0131n felsefesinin bu anlamda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebilir miyiz?<\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mahon, James Edwin. \u201cKant and Maria Von Herbert: Reticence vs. Deception.\u201d Philosophy<\/em> 81, no. 317 (2006): 417-44.<\/p>\n

Langton, Rae. “Duty and Desolation”, Philosophy<\/em> 67, no. 262 (1992): 481-505. Reprinted as ‘Maria von Herbert’s Challenge to Kant’, in Ethics: the Oxford Reader<\/em>, in P. Singer (ed.). (Oxford University Press, 1994).<\/p>\n

Ritter, Bernhard. “Solace or Counsel for Death: Kant and Maria von Herbert” in Corey Dyck (ed.), Women and Philosophy in 18th Century Germany. <\/em>(Oxford University Press, forthcoming).<\/p>\n

Zweig, Arnulf (ed.). Correspondence.<\/em> (Cambridge University Press, 1999).<\/p>\n

Notlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Bernhard Ritter’in bu portrenin ger\u00e7ekten Maria von Herbert’in portresi oldu\u011funa dair sundu\u011fu kan\u0131tlar\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in l\u00fctfen “Solace or Counsel for Death: Kant and Maria von Herbert” makalesine bak\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a9 Saniye Vatansever (first published 15 December, 2018; updated 22 March, 2020))<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu resim, 1770-1803 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Avusturyal\u0131 bir kad\u0131n olan Maria von Herbert’e aittir1. Maria von Herbert Kant ile mektupla\u015fmas\u0131 sebebiyle tan\u0131n\u0131r. Kimi akademisyenlere g\u00f6re Herbert\u2019in Kant ile yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda sordu\u011fu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3391","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nFoto\u011fraf\u0131n Arkas\u0131ndaki Hikaye: Maria von Herbert - Bilkent Philosophy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/maria-von-herbert\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Foto\u011fraf\u0131n Arkas\u0131ndaki Hikaye: Maria von Herbert - Bilkent Philosophy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Bu resim, 1770-1803 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Avusturyal\u0131 bir kad\u0131n olan Maria von Herbert’e aittir1. 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