{"id":5323,"date":"2020-10-09T18:39:35","date_gmt":"2020-10-09T15:39:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/?page_id=5323"},"modified":"2020-10-09T18:39:35","modified_gmt":"2020-10-09T15:39:35","slug":"fotografin-arkasindaki-hikaye-sokratesin-olumu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/fotografin-arkasindaki-hikaye-sokratesin-olumu\/","title":{"rendered":"Foto\u011fraf\u0131n Arkas\u0131ndaki Hikaye: Sokrates\u2019in \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Jacques Louis David\u2019in Sokrates\u2019in \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/a> tablosu, sadece Yunan filozoflar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda onlar\u0131n felsefesine dair bir \u015feyleri de yans\u0131tmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tablolar\u0131n bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Bu ak\u0131ma ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rnek olarak 17. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Hollandal\u0131 ressam Hendrick ter Brugghen\u2019in, Abderal\u0131 Demokritos\u2019u g\u00fclerek tasvir etti\u011fi<\/a> bir tablo verilebilir. Ressam, bununla Demokritos\u2019un etik fragmanlar\u0131nda hayata kar\u015f\u0131 iyimser bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sundu\u011funu (o kadar ki Antik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da bile Demokritos\u2019a \u201cg\u00fclen filozof\u201d deniyordu) yans\u0131tmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak David\u2019in ve ter Brugghen\u2019in tablolar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir fark var. Demokritos ger\u00e7ekten ne\u015feli bir mizaca sahip olmu\u015f olabilir (bilmiyoruz), ancak \u00f6yle bile olsa onu \u00f6nemli bir filozof yapan bu de\u011fildir (kime sorsan\u0131z, Demokritos\u2019un en \u00f6nemli fikrinin do\u011fa teorisi oldu\u011funu, bu teorinin de modern atom teorisini 2000 y\u0131l \u00f6nceden tahmin etti\u011fini s\u00f6yler \u2013 bunu bir tabloya yans\u0131tmak da kolay de\u011fildir!). Aksine David\u2019in tablosu, bir filozof olarak Sokrates\u2019in felsefesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan bir \u015feyi yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Bu tablo, Sokrates\u2019in hayat\u0131n\u0131n son anlar\u0131n\u0131 betimler: Sokrates, idam cezas\u0131na mahkum edildikten sonra kendisine sunulan bald\u0131ran otu (zehirli bir bitki) kadehini sakin bir \u015fekilde kabul eder. Bu sahne, Platon taraf\u0131ndan Phaidon<\/em> diyalo\u011funun son sayfalar\u0131nda da anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sokrates\u2019in bu \u015fekilde \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131 kendi hayat hikayesinde ufak bir detay de\u011fil, tam tersine Sokrates\u2019in kim oldu\u011funu ve neden \u00f6nemli bir filozof oldu\u011funu anlamak i\u00e7in elzem bir bilgidir. Neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn Antik Yunan filozoflar\u0131, felsefeyi entelekt\u00fcel bir hobi veya tamamen teorik bir te\u015febb\u00fcs yerine, hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n tamam\u0131na temel olu\u015fturmas\u0131 gereken bir \u015fey olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan Sokrates bir t\u00fcr rol model olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu: Daha Antik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da bile Sokrates kendi felsefi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri veya arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131yla de\u011fil, felsefesine uygun ya\u015fam\u0131yla hat\u0131rlan\u0131rd\u0131.. Buna, felsefi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin onun \u00f6l\u00fcmle nas\u0131l y\u00fczle\u015fti\u011fini belirlemesi de dahildi.<\/p>\n

Sokrates, ahlaki, din\u00ee ve siyasi meseleler hakk\u0131nda felsefi tart\u0131\u015fmalara girmesi nedeniyle idama mahkum edilmi\u015fti. Sokrates asla ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorular\u0131n cevaplar\u0131na sahip oldu\u011funu iddia etmese de, muhataplar\u0131n\u0131n da (aksini iddia etseler bile) bu sorulara cevaplar\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterirdi. Bu \u015fekilde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00e7ok ki\u015finin otoritesini sars\u0131nca, Sokrates Atina\u2019da bir\u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015fman edindi. Bu da kendisinin \u201c\u015fehrin tanr\u0131lar\u0131na inanmamak ve gen\u00e7li\u011fi yoldan \u00e7\u0131karmak\u201d gibi uydurma bir ithamla yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131na neden oldu. Platon\u2019un anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, bu noktadan sonra olanlar olduk\u00e7a s\u0131rad\u0131\u015f\u0131yd\u0131: B\u00f6yle bir su\u00e7lamaya maruz kalan \u00e7o\u011fu ki\u015finin yapaca\u011f\u0131 gibi yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6z\u00fcr dileyip davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirece\u011fine s\u00f6z vermek yerine, Sokrates savunmas\u0131nda ne olursa olsun felsefi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeyi b\u0131rakmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Bu sadece inat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k de\u011fildir: Sokrates, felsefi ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n iyi ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f bir hayat i\u00e7in neden gerekli oldu\u011funa dair felsefi gerek\u00e7eler sunar. Felsefesine o kadar ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ki, ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc ya\u015famaktansa \u00f6lmeyi tercih eder.<\/p>\n

Mahkeme kendisini su\u00e7lu bulur ve sonras\u0131nda Sokrates\u2019e kendisine verilebilecek bir ceza \u00f6nerme f\u0131rsat\u0131 verilir. Normalde nu durumda bir ki\u015finin idam cezas\u0131 almamak i\u00e7in para cezas\u0131 ya da s\u00fcrg\u00fcn gibi bir ceza \u00f6nermesi beklenir, ancak Sokrates yine herkesi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131r. Felsefi bir arg\u00fcman sunar: Yanl\u0131\u015f bir \u015fey yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, e\u011fer adil olmayan bir ceza \u00f6nerirse adaletsizli\u011fin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olur (ki bu sebeple Sokrates\u2019in hakketti\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u201cceza\u201d Olimpiyatlar\u2019\u0131 kazananlara \u00f6d\u00fcl olarak verilen \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu \u00fccretsiz yiyecek ve yatakt\u0131r). Bunun \u00fcst\u00fcne idam cezas\u0131 karar\u0131 verilince, Sokrates\u2019in arkada\u015flar\u0131 hapishane muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131na r\u00fc\u015fvet vererek Sokrates\u2019i \u015fehirden ka\u00e7\u0131rmay\u0131 teklif ettiler. Ama Sokrates felsefi a\u00e7\u0131dan bunun da adil olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek tekliflerini reddeder. Nihayet Sokrates\u2019in zehri i\u00e7me vakti geldi\u011finde, b\u00fct\u00fcn dostlar\u0131 peri\u015fan haldedir. Ancak Sokrates, \u00f6l\u00fcmden neden korkulmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine dair felsefi bir arg\u00fcman sunar, ve Platon\u2019un anlat\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re son anlar\u0131na kadar ne\u015feli ve keyifli kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

David\u2019in ustaca betimledi\u011fi Sokrates tasviri tam olarak budur: Arkada\u015flar\u0131 kederli bir \u015fekilde a\u011flarken, Sokrates bald\u0131ran otu kadehini en ufak bir teredd\u00fct g\u00f6stermeden kabul ederken dimdik oturur (en fazla \u00e7evresindekilerin tepkisinden rahats\u0131z olmu\u015f denilebilir!). Bu sahne olduk\u00e7a \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Sokrates\u2019in g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi metanet hem ender, hem de \u00e7o\u011fumuz i\u00e7in arzu edilen bir \u015feydir. Cesareti ve d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kendi felsefi prati\u011fi ve fikirleriyle ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fundan, Sokrates Antik \u00c7a\u011f filozoflar\u0131 aras\u0131nda neredeyse efsanevi bir \u00fcne kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bir\u00e7ok felsefi okul, Sokrates\u2019in felsefi miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda Sokrates\u2019in belki de gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f tek bilge ki\u015fi oldu\u011funu iddia eden Stoac\u0131lar da vard\u0131r. Ge\u00e7 Antik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da, Sokrates\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcmle nas\u0131l y\u00fczle\u015fti\u011finin hikayesi ba\u015fka filozoflar\u0131n nas\u0131l \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dair (\u00e7o\u011fu sonradan uydurulmu\u015f) farkl\u0131 hikayelerin yay\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu hikayelerin anafikri, bir felsefenin ne kadar iyi oldu\u011funun, takip\u00e7ilerini \u00f6l\u00fcme nas\u0131l haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fidir. Bug\u00fcn akademideki felsefecilerin pek az\u0131 b\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnse de, Sokrates\u2019in temsil etti\u011fi ideale ve David\u2019in bu ideali yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tabloya hayran olmamak zor.<\/p>\n

 
\n\u00a9 Daniel Wolt<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jacques Louis David\u2019in Sokrates\u2019in \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc tablosu, sadece Yunan filozoflar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda onlar\u0131n felsefesine dair bir \u015feyleri de yans\u0131tmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tablolar\u0131n bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Bu ak\u0131ma ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rnek olarak 17. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5323","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nFoto\u011fraf\u0131n Arkas\u0131ndaki Hikaye: Sokrates\u2019in \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc - Bilkent Philosophy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/fotografin-arkasindaki-hikaye-sokratesin-olumu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Foto\u011fraf\u0131n Arkas\u0131ndaki Hikaye: Sokrates\u2019in \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc - Bilkent Philosophy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Jacques Louis David\u2019in Sokrates\u2019in \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc tablosu, sadece Yunan filozoflar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda onlar\u0131n felsefesine dair bir \u015feyleri de yans\u0131tmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tablolar\u0131n bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Bu ak\u0131ma ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rnek olarak 17. 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Bilkent Philosophy","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/fotografin-arkasindaki-hikaye-sokratesin-olumu\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Foto\u011fraf\u0131n Arkas\u0131ndaki Hikaye: Sokrates\u2019in \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc - Bilkent Philosophy","og_description":"Jacques Louis David\u2019in Sokrates\u2019in \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc tablosu, sadece Yunan filozoflar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda onlar\u0131n felsefesine dair bir \u015feyleri de yans\u0131tmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tablolar\u0131n bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Bu ak\u0131ma ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rnek olarak 17. […]","og_url":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/fotografin-arkasindaki-hikaye-sokratesin-olumu\/","og_site_name":"Bilkent Philosophy","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bilkent.philosophy","og_image":[{"url":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/screenshot-3-1024x572.png","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_site":"@BilkentPhil","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/fotografin-arkasindaki-hikaye-sokratesin-olumu\/","url":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/fotografin-arkasindaki-hikaye-sokratesin-olumu\/","name":"Foto\u011fraf\u0131n Arkas\u0131ndaki Hikaye: Sokrates\u2019in \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc - Bilkent Philosophy","isPartOf":{"@id":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/fotografin-arkasindaki-hikaye-sokratesin-olumu\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/fotografin-arkasindaki-hikaye-sokratesin-olumu\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/screenshot-3-1024x572.png","datePublished":"2020-10-09T15:39:35+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/fotografin-arkasindaki-hikaye-sokratesin-olumu\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/fotografin-arkasindaki-hikaye-sokratesin-olumu\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/fotografin-arkasindaki-hikaye-sokratesin-olumu\/#primaryimage","url":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/screenshot-3.png","contentUrl":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/screenshot-3.png","width":1092,"height":610},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/fotografin-arkasindaki-hikaye-sokratesin-olumu\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Foto\u011fraf\u0131n Arkas\u0131ndaki Hikaye: Sokrates\u2019in \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/#website","url":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/","name":"Bilkent Philosophy","description":"Bilkent University","publisher":{"@id":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/#organization","name":"Bilkent Philosophy","url":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Bilkent-phil_logo.png","contentUrl":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Bilkent-phil_logo.png","width":328,"height":54,"caption":"Bilkent Philosophy"},"image":{"@id":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bilkent.philosophy","https:\/\/x.com\/BilkentPhil","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCzij4ZE6X-bu1d9t6DJhlLA"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5323","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5323"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5323\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5326,"href":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5323\/revisions\/5326"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5323"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}