{"id":5814,"date":"2021-09-24T07:26:46","date_gmt":"2021-09-24T04:26:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/?page_id=5814"},"modified":"2021-09-24T07:26:46","modified_gmt":"2021-09-24T04:26:46","slug":"fotografin-arkasindaki-hikaye-uc-vazo-veya-olympe-de-gougesun-demokratik-paradoksu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/fotografin-arkasindaki-hikaye-uc-vazo-veya-olympe-de-gougesun-demokratik-paradoksu\/","title":{"rendered":"Foto\u011fraf\u0131n Arkas\u0131ndaki Hikaye: \u00dc\u00e7 Vazo veya Olympe de Gouges\u2019un Demokratik Paradoksu"},"content":{"rendered":"![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Olympe_de_Gouges._Les_Trois_Urnes_ou_Le_salut_de_la_patrie_Paris_1793._British_Library_443.a.37-779x1024.jpg\")
Frans\u0131z devrimi ve \u00f6zellikle devrimin temelini olu\u015fturan \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Bildirgesi s\u0131kl\u0131kla modern demokrasinin do\u011fu\u015fu olarak selamlan\u0131rken, devrimin akt\u00f6rleri kendilerini demokrat olarak g\u00f6rmemi\u015flerdir. Siyasal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce o zamanlar s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde cumhuriyet\u00e7idir ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetin, y\u00f6neticilerinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 yerine, ortak iyi i\u00e7in hareket edip etmedi\u011fine odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda, \u00f6nceleri, cumhuriyet\u00e7i tasar\u0131lar anayasal monar\u015fi i\u00e7indir – ancak, \u00f6nceden Louis XVI olarak bilinen Louis Capet, Ocak 1793’te yarg\u0131lan\u0131p giyotin ile \u00f6l\u00fcme mahkum edilince bu bir se\u00e7enek olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar. Fakat o zaman bile demokrasi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a se\u00e7enekler aras\u0131nda de\u011fildir – insanlar iktidardad\u0131r, seslerini y\u00fckseltmeleri ve harekete ge\u00e7meleri beklenirken, onlar\u0131n oy vermeleri veya h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerini se\u00e7meleri beklenmemektedir.<\/p>\n
Oyun yazar\u0131, filozof ve sosyal reformcu Olympe de Gouges, Fransa halk\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l y\u00f6netilece\u011fini kendi se\u00e7mesi gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ilk dile getiren yazarlardan biridir.<\/p>\n
Gouges, demokratik olarak y\u00f6netilmeyi veya (anayasal) bir monar\u015finin yeniden kurulup kurulmamas\u0131 konusunun Fransa halk\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7imine b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nerir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc se\u00e7enek federal y\u00f6netimdir. Cumhuriyeti Robespierre’in tiranl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kurtarman\u0131n tek yolunun demokratik bir uygulamaya, yani bir oylamaya ba\u015fvurmak oldu\u011funu savunur. Ancak Gouges\u2019un \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fc, paradoksal olarak, bu oylaman\u0131n insanlar\u0131n anayasal monar\u015fiye d\u00f6nmeyi se\u00e7mesiyle pekala sonu\u00e7lanabilece\u011fidir.<\/p>\n
Gouges’un \u00dc\u00e7 Vazo1<\/sup>\u2019su, demokratik h\u00fck\u00fcmet teorisindeki \u015fu paradoksu belirten Philip Pettit de dahil olmak \u00fczere daha sonraki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin s\u00f6ylediklerini yans\u0131tan bir demokrasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin habercisidir: bir halk demokratik yollarla demokratik olmayan bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netilmeyi se\u00e7ebilir:<\/p>\n\u201cKararlar\u0131 demokratik esaslar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde alan ve herkesin devlet y\u00f6netiminin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc e\u015fit olarak payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir toplum, ilke olarak, demokratik y\u00f6netimin kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak terk edilmesine karar verebilir. Bu da gelecek nesillerin kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 e\u015fit olarak payla\u015f\u0131lan bir temelde \u015fekillendirme hakk\u0131n\u0131 sonland\u0131r\u0131r.\u201d P. Pettit, Halk\u0131n Ko\u015fullar\u0131 \u00dczerine<\/em>, (2012, Cambridge University Press, s.25.)<\/p><\/blockquote>\nGouges o s\u0131rada bir monar\u015fist de\u011fildir, ancak Fransa’n\u0131n mevcut y\u00f6netiminin, Robespierre, Danton ve Marat\u2019\u0131n liderli\u011findeki Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan gasp edildi\u011fini hisseder.<\/p>\n
Gouges, insanlar kendileri i\u00e7in demokratik bir h\u00fck\u00fcmete oy vermeye haz\u0131r de\u011filse, muhtemelen bunun i\u00e7in olgun olmad\u0131klar\u0131ndan ku\u015fkulan\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr ve bu zaman alacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn bir maliyeti vard\u0131r: ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n da erdemle g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi ve beslenmesi gerekir. Kant’\u0131n Devrim ba\u015flamadan be\u015f y\u0131l \u00f6nce belirtti\u011fi gibi, birisinin kendi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme kapasitesini kazanmas\u0131 \u00e7aba gerektirir. Zira kendi haline b\u0131rak\u0131lan \u00e7o\u011fu insan\u0131n kendilerini efendiler (masters), din adamlar\u0131 veya y\u00f6neticilerin y\u00f6nlendirmesine izin verme gibi tembel al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klara geri d\u00f6nmeleri daha olas\u0131d\u0131r. Kant, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir ulusun yarat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n zaman alaca\u011f\u0131 sonucuna var\u0131r:<\/p>\n
[Bir] halk ayd\u0131nlanmaya ancak yava\u015f yava\u015f ula\u015fabilir. Bir devrim, ki\u015fisel bir despotizmin veya a\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fc tiranca bask\u0131n\u0131n sonunu getirebilir, ama bu asla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarzlar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek bir reforma neden olmaz. Eski \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n yerine gelen yeni \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyen kitlelerin k\u0131lavuzu olacakt\u0131r. (Ayd\u0131nlanma nedir sorusunun cevab\u0131)<\/p><\/blockquote>\nKant’la \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde fikir birli\u011finde olan Gouges, Devrim’in ilk g\u00fcnlerinde, “demokratlar” olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni olu\u015fmu\u015f vatanda\u015flar\u0131n kazand\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckle ya\u015fayamamalar\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirir. Gouges Devrim\u2019in ilerleyen zamanlar\u0131nda, kazan\u0131lan herhangi bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, sadece halk\u0131n de\u011fil, \u00f6zellikle liderlerin de erdemli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumda kaybedilece\u011fi konusunda \u0131srar eder.<\/p>\n
Her ne kadar Robespierre kadar cumhuriyet\u00e7i olsa da, herhangi bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n yeniden g\u00f6reve getirilmesi \u00f6nerisi Gouges’un tutuklanmas\u0131na neden olur.<\/p>\n
O zamanlar bir\u00e7oklar\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, Gouges bro\u015f\u00fcrlerini Paris duvarlar\u0131na yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak yay\u0131nlar. \u00dc\u00e7 Vazo<\/em>\u2019yu yay\u0131nlamadan \u00f6nce bir kopyas\u0131n\u0131 Kamu G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Komitesi’ne, bir kopyas\u0131n\u0131 da bas\u0131l\u0131 metinlerin sans\u00fcrlenmesinden sorumlu Herault de Seychelle’e g\u00f6nderir. Onlardan itiraz gelmeyince, Gouges da bro\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc Paris’in her yerine yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\nBro\u015f\u00fcr, her zamanki bas\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Longuet taraf\u0131ndan 15 Temmuz\u2019da 1000 kopya olarak bas\u0131l\u0131r. Gouges\u2019un da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 veya afi\u015f\u00e7isi (afficheur<\/em>), Latin Mahallesi’nde Rue de la Huchette’de ya\u015fayan ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yurtta\u015f Meunier’dir.<\/p>\n20 Temmuz’da Olympe, Ile de la Cit\u00e9’deki dairesinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r, St Michel k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ge\u00e7ip soldaki Rue de la Huchette’e d\u00f6ner. Meunier, ya\u011fmur ya\u011faca\u011f\u0131ndan endi\u015felendi\u011fi i\u00e7in afi\u015fleri yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131ramayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Olympe\u2019\u0131, Pont St Michel’de ba\u015fka bir distrib\u00fct\u00f6r bulmaya ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce, kafas\u0131 kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, sonra da sinirlenmi\u015f halde berrak g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne bakarken hayal etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Ancak Meunier, k\u0131z\u0131 ve \u00fc\u00e7 polis \u00fcyesine onu takip ettirir. Olympe kap\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7alar \u00e7almaz, Meunier’in k\u0131z\u0131, onu \u00fc\u00e7 polise i\u015faret eder. Polisler onu tutuklayarak Belediye Binas\u0131’n\u0131n Depo hapishanesine s\u00fcr\u00fcklerler. Orada birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn boyunca ‘au secret’ olarak izole edilmi\u015f bir h\u00fccrede tutulur. 28 Temmuz’da Abbaye Hapishanesine, ard\u0131ndan iki farkl\u0131 hapishaneye ve sonunda (Paris\u2019te bulunan adliye saray\u0131 ve hapishane olarak kullan\u0131lan) Conciergerie’ye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr ve orada Fouquier-Tinville taraf\u0131ndan yarg\u0131lan\u0131r. Olympe de Gouges 3 Kas\u0131m 1793’te ya\u011fmurlu bir g\u00fcnde idam edilir.<\/p>\n
\n\u00a9 Sandrine Berges<\/a> <\/p>\n <\/p>\n
\n- Burada \u2018vazo\u2019\u2019dan kastedilen oylama s\u0131ras\u0131nda oylar\u0131n i\u00e7ine at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 vazo ya da kaplard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Frans\u0131z devrimi ve \u00f6zellikle devrimin temelini olu\u015fturan \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Bildirgesi s\u0131kl\u0131kla modern demokrasinin do\u011fu\u015fu olarak selamlan\u0131rken, devrimin akt\u00f6rleri kendilerini demokrat olarak g\u00f6rmemi\u015flerdir. Siyasal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce o zamanlar s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde cumhuriyet\u00e7idir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5808,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5814","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\n
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