{"id":9447,"date":"2025-03-01T12:02:33","date_gmt":"2025-03-01T09:02:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/?p=9447"},"modified":"2025-03-01T12:06:55","modified_gmt":"2025-03-01T09:06:55","slug":"fotografin-arkasindaki-hikaye-phineas-gage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/2025\/03\/01\/fotografin-arkasindaki-hikaye-phineas-gage\/","title":{"rendered":"Foto\u011fraf\u0131n Arkas\u0131ndaki Hikaye: Phineas Gage"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a> Phineas Gage\u2019in (1823-1860) vakas\u0131 t\u0131p tarihinde en erken kayda ge\u00e7mi\u015f ciddi beyin hasar\u0131 vakalar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Gage\u2019in vakas\u0131n\u0131 ilgin\u00e7 k\u0131lan \u015fey sadece beyin travmas\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131ktan sonra hayatta kalm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaza sonucu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ki\u015filik de\u011fi\u015fimi ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ki\u015fili\u011findeki bu radikal de\u011fi\u015fim zihin-beden, beyin-zihin ve duygu-ak\u0131l aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flat\u0131nlarda merak uyand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 soru i\u015faretleri uyand\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Phineas Gage Vermont\u2019taki demiryolu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda bir ustaba\u015f\u0131yd\u0131 ve demiryolunun yap\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kayalar\u0131 patlatmakla g\u00f6revliydi. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 o zamanlar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki modern y\u00f6ntemlerle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fcyordu. \u015eimdilerde demiryolu yap\u0131m\u0131nda \u00f6nce patlay\u0131c\u0131lar yerle\u015ftirilir, sonra da patlay\u0131c\u0131lar uzaktan patlat\u0131l\u0131r. Fakat 1800\u2019lerde durum \u00e7ok daha farkl\u0131yd\u0131: patlat\u0131lacak kayan\u0131n kritik noktalar\u0131na \u00f6nce delikler oyulur, bu delikler barutla doldurulur ve deliklere fitiller yerle\u015ftirilirdi. Sonra deli\u011fin \u00fcst\u00fcne kum d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr ve fitili yakmadan \u00f6nce patlaman\u0131n kayalara do\u011fru \u015fekilde y\u00f6nlendirdi\u011finden emin olmak i\u00e7in demir bir \u00e7ubuk yard\u0131m\u0131 ile barut s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bu demir \u00e7ubuk yard\u0131m\u0131yla barutu s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma eylemi ustal\u0131k isteyen hassas bir i\u015fti fakat Gage, kendi \u00f6zel yap\u0131m demir \u00e7ubu\u011fu ile bu i\u015fte adeta bir virt\u00fc\u00f6z idi. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7iler g\u00fcvenli bir uzakl\u0131\u011fa \u00e7ekilirler ve biri fitili yak\u0131p \u00e7abucak patlama alan\u0131ndan uzakla\u015f\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Gage \u015firketindeki en h\u0131zl\u0131, en etkili ve en becerikli ustaba\u015f\u0131 olarak biliniyordu. \u0130\u015fine getirdi\u011fi disiplin ve i\u015f eti\u011fi sayesinde \u00fcstlendi\u011fi projeler zaman\u0131nda tamamlan\u0131rd\u0131. Sosyal meziyetleri sayesinde de i\u015f ekibi aras\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a g\u00f6zde biriydi. \u201cG\u00f6z\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k, zeki bir i\u015f adam\u0131\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve kendini yerel tavernalar\u0131n \u015faibeli cazibelerinden uzak tutard\u0131. Tabi ailesi ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan da olduk\u00e7a sevilen biriydi.<\/p>\n

1845 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n 13 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcnde 25 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Gage ve ekibi Cavendish, Vermont civar\u0131ndaki Rutland ve Burlington demiryollar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Saat 4:30 civar\u0131yd\u0131 ve s\u0131cak bir ak\u015fam\u00fcst\u00fcyd\u00fc. Gage kayada a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 bir deli\u011fi barut ile doldurmu\u015f, fitili yerle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve asistan\u0131na deli\u011fi kumla kapatmas\u0131 talimat\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015fti. O s\u0131rada birisi Gage\u2019e seslendi ve dikkat\u0131 da\u011f\u0131lan Gage, sesin geldi\u011fi tarafa bakarak kum daha deli\u011fe doldurulmadan demir \u00e7ubu\u011fuyla barutu s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Barut an\u0131nda alev ald\u0131 ve Gage\u2019e do\u011fru patlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Demir \u00e7ubu\u011fun ve kafatas\u0131 hasar\u0131n\u0131n dijital rekonstr\u00fcksyonu (Ratiu & Talos, 2004)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Patlama o kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc ki b\u00fct\u00fcn ekip bir anda donup kald\u0131lar, ne oldu\u011funu anlamalar\u0131 birka\u00e7 saniyelerini ald\u0131. Patlama garipti \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kaya yerinden dahi oynamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama daha da garibi patlamadan sonra gelen \u0131sl\u0131k gibi bir sesti, sanki g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne do\u011fru bir roket f\u0131rlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Asl\u0131nda o birka\u00e7 saniye i\u00e7erisinde olan \u015fey \u015fuydu ki demir \u00e7ubuk Gage\u2019in sol yana\u011f\u0131ndan i\u00e7eri girmi\u015f, kafatas\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fc delmi\u015f, beyninin \u00f6n taraf\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve kafas\u0131n\u0131n tepesinden son s\u00fcratle \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7ubuk bir metreden uzun, 6 kilogramdan daha a\u011f\u0131r, bir ucu 3.5 santimetre, di\u011fer ucu ise 6.35 milimetre \u00e7aplar\u0131ndayd\u0131. Patlamadan sonra 30 metre uzakta bulundu\u011funda \u00e7ubuk, kan ve beyin par\u00e7alar\u0131yla kapl\u0131yd\u0131. Patlama sonucu Gage yere f\u0131rlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sersemlemi\u015f fakat mucizevi bir \u015fekilde bilinci yerindeydi, ak\u015fam\u00fczeri g\u00fcne\u015finin alt\u0131nda yerde donmu\u015f yat\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Kazay\u0131 takip eden dakikalarda Gage aya\u011fa kalkt\u0131 ve y\u00fcr\u00fcmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015flar\u0131 Gage\u2019in \u00f6lmemi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fokunu atlatt\u0131klar\u0131 gibi onu bir at arabas\u0131na bindirdiler ve birka\u00e7 kilometre \u00f6tede kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 misafirhaneye g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Vard\u0131klar\u0131 zaman Gage arkada\u015flar\u0131ndan yard\u0131m almadan arabadan indi. Yerel bir hekim olan Dr. John H. Marlow taraf\u0131ndan muayenesi yap\u0131ld\u0131, yaralar\u0131 temizlendi, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kemik par\u00e7alar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck kemik par\u00e7alar\u0131 yerine oturtuldu. Sonras\u0131nda Dr. Marlow Gage\u2019in kafas\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck yaran\u0131n \u00fczerine \u0131slak pansuman uygulad\u0131 ve pansuman\u0131 bandajlad\u0131. Hi\u00e7bir cerrahi m\u00fcdahele uygulanmad\u0131; daha ziyade yaralar iltihab\u0131n akmas\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131k b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kazadan birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra Gage\u2019in korunmas\u0131z beyninde bir enfeksiyon ba\u015flad\u0131 ve Gage bir komaya girdi. Ailesi Gage\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in gerekli haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar fakat Gage bu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 atlatmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Dr. Harlow Gage\u2019in kafatas\u0131ndaki bir apseden beyne s\u0131zd\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olacak 235 mililitre kadar iltihab\u0131 ak\u0131tmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Gen\u00e7li\u011fin verdi\u011fi dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Gage h\u0131zl\u0131ca iyile\u015fti. Tarih 1 Ocak 1849\u2019u g\u00f6sterdi\u011finde Gage g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde normal bir hayat s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

Dr. Harlow Gage\u2019in ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme kabiliyetlerinin yerinde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6zlemledi fakat Gage\u2019in kar\u0131s\u0131 ve yak\u0131n arkada\u015flar\u0131 onun ki\u015fili\u011findeki \u00f6nemli ve dramatik de\u011fi\u015fimlerin fark\u0131na varmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u0130lgin\u00e7 bir \u015fekilde Gage\u2019in beyin hasar\u0131n\u0131n zihinsel etkileri 1868\u2019e kadar belgelenmedi. Massachusetts Medical Society\u2019nin b\u00fclteninde yay\u0131mlanan bir rapor de\u011fi\u015fimleri \u015f\u00f6yle tarif ediyordu:<\/p>\n

\u201cYaralanmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce onu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 en etkili ve kabiliyetli ustaba\u015f\u0131 olarak niteleyen i\u015fverenleri zihnindeki de\u011fi\u015fimi o kadar belirgin buldular ki ona eski i\u015fini geri veremediler. Ani n\u00f6betlere m\u00fcsait, h\u00fcrmetsiz, (\u00f6nceki davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n aksine) yer yer en i\u011fren\u00e7 sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klardan keyif alan, akranlar\u0131na \u00e7ok az uyan, ona sunulan k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar ve tavsiyeler arzular\u0131 ile \u00e7eli\u015fti\u011fi zaman sab\u0131rs\u0131zla\u015fan, bazen dik ba\u015fl\u0131 ve inat\u00e7\u0131, fakat bazen de kaprisli ve net bir karardan yoksun, gelecekteki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok plan yapan, fakat ba\u015fka bir plan kendini daha m\u00fcmk\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde sundu\u011fu zaman da bu planlar\u0131 terk eden biriydi. Bu durumlar\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ki\u015fili\u011findeki de\u011fi\u015fim o kadar radikaldi ki arkada\u015flar\u0131 ve onu tan\u0131yanlar onun hakk\u0131nda \u2018O art\u0131k Gage de\u011fil\u2019 diyorlard\u0131.’\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Bu detayl\u0131 tasvir Gage\u2019in beyin hasar\u0131n\u0131n onun davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve karakteri \u00fczerindeki derin ve kal\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimi vurguluyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Gage\u2019in frontal (\u00f6n) korteksindeki hasar onun sosyal ket vurma yetene\u011fini tamam\u0131yla kaybetmesine ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla uygunsuz davran\u0131\u015flar sergilemesine neden oldu. Dikkat, alg\u0131, haf\u0131za, zeka ve konu\u015fma gibi temel bili\u015fsel yetenekleri yerinde dursa da \u00f6\u011frenilmi\u015f sosyal normlar\u0131n\u0131 ve ahlaki e\u011filimlerini yitirdi. Karma\u015f\u0131k sosyal durumlardaki sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 tahmin edebilme ve buna g\u00f6re plan yapma gibi insana \u00f6zg\u00fc yeteneklerinin yok olmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi beyninin belirli bir b\u00f6lgesine ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 hasard\u0131. Gage art\u0131k yerinde ve dengeli kararlar veremiyor, bunun yerine hi\u00e7 teredd\u00fct etmeden i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel ve pervas\u0131zca davran\u0131yordu. Ya onun de\u011ferler sistemi temelden de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015fti ya da varolan de\u011ferleri art\u0131k onun davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 etkilemiyordu. \u0130\u015fin \u00f6z\u00fcnde, barut s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 demir \u00e7ubuk ona ilkel bir frontal lobotomi uygulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yine de kazadan beyninin hangi k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n etkilendi\u011fi bilimsel bir tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olarak kald\u0131. Hasar\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131 sadece Gage\u2019in kafatas\u0131ndaki k\u0131r\u0131klardan demir \u00e7ubu\u011fun kat etti\u011fi yolu tahmin edilerek yap\u0131labiliyor. G\u00fcncel analizlere g\u00f6re demir \u00e7ubuk esas olarak Gage\u2019in temel dil b\u00f6lgelerini bar\u0131nd\u0131ran sol prefrontal korteksini etkiledi. Gage\u2019in vakas\u0131 frontal korteksin ki\u015fili\u011fi ve davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u015fekillendirme konusundaki kritik rol\u00fcn\u00fc belgeleyen ilk kan\u0131t olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde frontral korteksin sosyal alg\u0131, karar verme ve bili\u015fsel idari i\u015flevlerdeki \u00f6nemli rol\u00fc yerli yerine oturtulmu\u015ftur. Fakat sinirbilimdeki b\u00fct\u00fcn geli\u015fmelere ra\u011fmen beyin ve zihin aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki hala gizemini korumaktad\u0131r ve modern sinirbilimcilerin bu karma\u015f\u0131k ili\u015fki \u00fczerindeki bilgisi 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 sadece \u00e7ok sinirli miktarda ge\u00e7ebilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Peki kazadan sonra Phineas Gage\u2019e ne oldu? S\u00f6ylenenlere g\u00f6re eski i\u015fine geri d\u00f6nemeyen Gage New England\u2019\u0131 ve hatta Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 dola\u015ft\u0131, kendisini ve o \u00fcnl\u00fc demir \u00e7ubu\u011fu sergileyerek para kazand\u0131. Yine s\u00f6ylenenlere g\u00f6re k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine kendini New York\u2019taki Barnum\u2019un sirkinde bir merak nesnesi olarak sergiledi. T\u0131pk\u0131 sinirsel hasar\u0131n\u0131n detaylar\u0131 gibi Gage\u2019in kazadan sonraki hayat\u0131 da bir tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olarak kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Net olan bir \u015fey varsa o da 1851\u2019den sonra sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmeye ba\u015flayana kadar bir otob\u00fcs s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu i\u015fe Hanover\u2019daki Darthmouth Inn\u2019de ba\u015flad\u0131, sonra New Hampshire\u2019da 18 ay boyunca otob\u00fcs s\u00fcrd\u00fc ve sonunda \u015eili\u2019ye ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131p yedi y\u0131l boyunca bu i\u015fe devam etti. Y\u0131l 1859\u2019u g\u00f6sterdi\u011finde sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve annesiyle ya\u015famak \u00fczere \u00fclkesine geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. 20 May\u0131s 1860\u2019da kazadan 13 y\u0131l sonra epilepsi ataklar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen komplikasyonlar sonucu hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Ne yaz\u0131k ki \u00fczerinde herhangi bir otopsi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmedi.<\/p>\n

1867 y\u0131l\u0131nda Gage\u2019in cesedi San Francisco\u2019daki Lone Mountain Mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki mezar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131 ve kafatas\u0131, demir \u00e7ubukla beraber, Gage\u2019in karde\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan Dr. Harlow\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Gage\u2019in kafatas\u0131 ve kazaya sebebiyet veren demir \u00e7ubuk Harvard Medical School\u2019daki Warren Anatomical Museum in Harvard Medical School<\/a>‘da saklanmakta ve sergilenmektedir.<\/p>\n

Yazan Naz\u0131m Keven<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130ngilizce asl\u0131ndan \u00e7eviren Berkay Ozar<\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a ve Ek Okumalar<\/b><\/p>\n

Costandi, M. 2006. The incredible case of Phineas Gage, at https:\/\/neurophilosophy.wordpress.com\/2006\/12\/04\/the-incredible-case-of-phineas-gage\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Damasio, H., Grabowski, T., Frank, R., Galaburda, A. M., & Damasio, A. R. 1994. The return of Phineas Gage: Clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient<\/a>. Science.<\/em> 264,<\/strong> 1102\u20131105.<\/p>\n

Ratiu P. & Talos I. F. 2004. The tale of Phineas Gage, digitally remastered<\/a>. New England Journal of Medicine<\/em>. 351<\/strong>: e21-e21.<\/p>\n

Van Horn, J. D., Irimia, A., Torgerson, C. M., Chambers, M. C., Kikinis, R., & Toga, A. W. 2012. Mapping connectivity damage in the case of Phineas Gage<\/a>. PLOS ONE<\/em>, 7<\/strong>, e37454.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Phineas Gage\u2019in (1823-1860) vakas\u0131 t\u0131p tarihinde en erken kayda ge\u00e7mi\u015f ciddi beyin hasar\u0131 vakalar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Gage\u2019in vakas\u0131n\u0131 ilgin\u00e7 k\u0131lan \u015fey sadece beyin travmas\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131ktan sonra hayatta kalm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9452,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9447","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nFoto\u011fraf\u0131n Arkas\u0131ndaki Hikaye: Phineas Gage - Bilkent Philosophy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/www.phil.bilkent.edu.tr\/index.php\/2025\/03\/01\/fotografin-arkasindaki-hikaye-phineas-gage\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Foto\u011fraf\u0131n Arkas\u0131ndaki Hikaye: Phineas Gage - Bilkent Philosophy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Phineas Gage\u2019in (1823-1860) vakas\u0131 t\u0131p tarihinde en erken kayda ge\u00e7mi\u015f ciddi beyin hasar\u0131 vakalar\u0131ndand\u0131r. 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